Answers / Financial Due Diligence

Walk me through performing a proof of cash and what it actually proves.

A core Financial Due Diligence interview question — asked in analyst and associate interviews across IB, PE, and the Big 4.

THE SHORT ANSWER

A proof of cash reconciles reported revenue and key P&L items to actual cash movements through the bank, over a period. Mechanically: start from opening bank balances, add recorded receipts and deduct recorded payments per the books, and reconcile to closing bank statements, investigating differences (timing, non-cash items, intercompany, unrecorded transactions). What it proves: that the reported numbers are backed by real cash flowing through the bank, not just ledger entries — it's a powerful anti-fraud and earnings-quality test because fictitious revenue rarely produces matching cash. It surfaces revenue recorded with no corresponding collection, round-tripping, unusual intercompany funding plugging gaps, and cut-off issues at period ends. It's especially valuable where you doubt the MI's reliability or the audited data is thin, because cash is hard to fake at scale.

WHAT INTERVIEWERS LISTEN FOR

  • Reconcile reported P&L/revenue to actual bank cash movements
  • Opening bank + recorded flows → closing bank, investigate diffs
  • Proves numbers are backed by real cash, not just ledger entries
  • Catches fictitious revenue, round-tripping, cut-off issues

COMMON MISTAKES

  • Confusing it with a bank reconciliation only
  • Not investigating reconciling differences
  • Not knowing it's an anti-fraud/quality test

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